中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网在结缔组织病相关间质性肺疾病中的致病机制进展

蒋仪 ,  李文君 ,  柴慧 ,  闾允 ,  黄转回 ,  张思功

科学观察 ›› 2026, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (1) :8-16

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科学观察 ›› 2026, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (1) :8-16 DOI: 10.15978/j.cnki.1673-5668.20250514
前沿观察

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网在结缔组织病相关间质性肺疾病中的致病机制进展

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Advances in the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

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摘要

[目的/意义] 结缔组织病相关间质性肺疾病(CTD-ILD)是一组以慢性炎症、纤维化和肺功能进行性下降为特征的异质性疾病,其发病机制尚未完全明确。中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(NETs)作为中性粒细胞在应激状态下释放的网状结构,具有抗菌和免疫调节功能。然而,NETs的异常形成和降解不足可能导致炎症反应和组织损伤。近年研究表明,NETs通过介导自身免疫反应、促进炎症微环境形成及直接损伤肺泡结构,在CTD-ILD致病机制中起关键作用。本研究旨在综述NETs在CTD-ILD中的潜在致病机制,为阐明CTD-ILD的病理生理机制及发掘潜在治疗靶点奠定理论基础。[方法/过程] 采用文献综述法,系统检索和分析国内外关于NETs与CTD-ILD的研究文献,分析了NETs的生物学特性及其在CTD-ILD不同细胞类型中的致病机制,重点探讨了NETs如何通过介导自身免疫反应、促进炎症微环境形成及直接损伤肺泡结构等途径参与CTD-ILD的发病过程。[结果/结论] NETs通过多途径参与CTD-ILD的致病机制:促进肺成纤维细胞向肌成纤维细胞分化并过度沉积细胞外基质;诱导肺泡上皮细胞发生坏死性凋亡、铁死亡及上皮-间质转化;损伤血管内皮完整性并触发内皮-间质转化与微血栓形成;极化巨噬细胞表型失衡并驱动其向肌成纤维细胞转化;作为自身抗原激活树突状细胞抗原提呈功能,放大T/B细胞介导的自身免疫应答。靶向NETs的关键组分在动物实验模型中显示出减轻疾病进展的潜力,但临床应用仍面临机制异质性、个体化治疗方案缺失及感染风险平衡等挑战。未来需结合多组学技术深入探索NETs的异质性机制,阐明NETs与细胞互作网络,并探索与现有药物联合策略以建立疗效预测模型,实现精准治疗。

Abstract

[Objective/Significance] Connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) represents a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation, progressive fibrosis, and declining lung function, with incompletely understood pathogenesis. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), as web-like structures released by neutrophils under stress conditions, possess antimicrobial and immunomodulatory functions. However, aberrant NET formation and insufficient degradation may incite inflammatory responses and tissue injury. Recent studies have revealed that NETs play a pivotal role in CTD-ILD pathogenesis by mediating autoimmune reactions, promoting inflammatory microenvironment formation, and directly damaging alveolar architecture. This review aims to summarize the potential pathogenic mechanisms of NETs in CTD-ILD, providing a theoretical foundation for elucidating disease pathophysiology and identifying novel therapeutic targets. [Method/Process] This paper adopts a literature review approach, systematically searching and analyzing domestic and international studies on NETs and CTD-ILD. It examines the biological characteristics of NETs and their pathogenic mechanisms in different cell types of CTD-ILD, with a focus on how NETs contribute to the development of CTD-ILD by mediating autoimmune responses, promoting the formation of an inflammatory microenvironment, and directly damaging alveolar structures. [Results/Conclusions] NETs contribute to CTD-ILD pathogenesis through multiple pathways: promoting lung fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition and excessive extracellular matrix deposition; inducing alveolar epithelial necroptosis, ferroptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition; compromising vascular endothelial integrity and triggering endothelial-mesenchymal transition with microthrombosis; polarizing macrophage phenotypic imbalance and driving macrophage-myofibroblast transformation; and acting as autoantigens to activate dendritic cell antigen presentation, thereby amplifying T/B cell-mediated autoimmune responses. Targeting key components of NETs has shown potential to alleviate disease progression in animal models, but clinical application still faces challenges such as mechanistic heterogeneity, lack of individualized treatment strategies, and infection risk management. Future research should leverage multi-omics approaches to deeply explore the heterogeneous mechanisms of NETs, elucidate NETs’ cellular interaction networks, and investigate combination strategies with existing drugs to develop predictive efficacy models for precise therapy.

Graphical abstract

关键词

结缔组织病 / 间质性肺疾病 / 中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网 / 致病机制 / 靶向治疗

Key words

connective tissue disease / interstitial lung disease / neutrophil extracellular traps / pathogenic mechanisms / targeted therapy

引用本文

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蒋仪, 李文君, 柴慧, 闾允, 黄转回, 张思功. 中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网在结缔组织病相关间质性肺疾病中的致病机制进展[J]. 科学观察, 2026, 21(1): 8-16 DOI:10.15978/j.cnki.1673-5668.20250514
Jiang Yi, Li Wenjun, Chai Hui, Lü Yun, Huang Zhuanhui, Zhang Sigong. Advances in the Pathogenic Mechanisms of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease[J]. Science Focus, 2026, 21(1): 8-16 DOI:10.15978/j.cnki.1673-5668.20250514

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0 引言

结缔组织病(connective tissue disease,CTD)是一类累及皮肤、关节、肾脏和肺等多系统、多器官的自身免疫性疾病,包括系统性红斑狼疮、干燥综合征、类风湿关节炎、系统性硬化症、皮肌炎/多发性肌炎等[1]。间质性肺疾病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)是CTD并发症和死亡率的主要原因,其特征是肺泡壁炎症和纤维化,导致气体交换受损和肺功能进行性下降。不同CTD类型的ILD患病率和死亡率差异较大,如系统性硬化症相关间质性肺病的患病率和死亡率分别为35%~52%和20%~40%,皮肌炎/多发性肌炎相关间质性肺病的患病率和死亡率分别为20%~80%和16.7%~37.2%[2-3]。目前,治疗CTD-ILD的抗纤维化药物包括吡非尼酮和尼达尼布等,但存在药物副作用大、疗效不理想或价格昂贵等问题,严重影响患者的生活质量和预后。

CTD-ILD的病理类型具有异质性,可表现为非特异性间质性肺炎、寻常型间质性肺炎、机化性肺炎、淋巴细胞性间质性肺炎和弥漫性肺泡损伤等[4]。不同CTD-ILD往往具有特定的病理类型倾向,其中非特异性间质性肺炎和寻常型间质性肺炎是最常见的病理类型。CTD-ILD的发病机制复杂,涉及遗传、环境及多种免疫细胞类型和分子途径的相互作用,如自身免疫异常、炎症反应、肺泡上皮和肺泡毛细血管内皮细胞损伤以及细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)的异常沉积等[1]。然而,CTD-ILD的确切分子机制尚未完全阐明,是当前研究领域亟待解决的热点问题。

中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网(neutrophil extracellular traps,NETs)是由活化的中性粒细胞释放的一种纤维网状结构,主要由DNA、组蛋白、中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase,NE)和髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)等组成[5]。NETs能够有效捕获并清除病原微生物,但其过度释放或功能障碍会触发和放大炎症反应,进而导致组织损伤和多种疾病。近年来,NETs的研究范畴已从“固有免疫新机制”拓展至“疾病病理核心参与者”。CiteSpace的文献计量分析结果显示,全球NETs研究呈现3大趋势:其一,NETs的研究及发文量呈现爆发式增长趋势,从基础机制向疾病应用快速转型;其二,研究热点从“形成机制”(如肽酰基精氨酸脱亚氨酶4酶、活性氧调控)向“疾病特异性损伤”迁移,其中CTD-ILD近年成为NETs研究的新兴领域;其三,国际研究更注重分子机制深度挖掘和创新药物研发,而国内研究则侧重于疾病临床关联分析和现有标志物应用探索。课题组通过多维度深入研究发现NETs在特发性炎性肌病(idiopathic inflammatory myopathies,IIM)相关ILD的发病机制中发挥关键作用[6-14]。本研究聚焦NETs的生物学特性及其在CTD-ILD不同细胞类型中的致病机制,为深入理解CTD-ILD的病理生理机制及探索潜在治疗靶点提供理论依据。

1 NETs的生物学特性

1.1 NETs的组成成分及功能

NETs是中性粒细胞在多种病原体、细胞因子、趋化因子以及自身免疫复合物等刺激下,通过NETosis形成的特殊结构[5]。在NETosis过程中,激活后的中性粒细胞经历染色质解聚、细胞器膜融合、DNA纤维及颗粒蛋白释放至胞外,最终形成以DNA纤维为骨架、交织着多种抗菌蛋白和酶的网状结构。DNA-组蛋白复合物构成的骨架结构赋予NETs稳定的空间构型和机械强度,使其能够有效地捕获病原体并限制其扩散[15]。NE可直接降解细菌细胞壁的肽聚糖等成分,从而直接破坏病原体结构。MPO利用过氧化氢将卤化物等底物氧化,生成次卤酸等强氧化性杀菌物质,显著增强NETs的抗菌效能。除了上述成分,NETs富含的多种具有抗菌和免疫调节功能的蛋白质协同参与免疫防御过程,如组织蛋白酶G、蛋白酶3、乳铁蛋白和防御素等。NETs不仅在先天免疫中发挥关键作用,还能促进B细胞、T细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状细胞等其他免疫细胞的募集和活化,从而启动和调节适应性免疫应答[16]

1.2 NETs的形成及调控机制

NETs主要通过NADPH氧化酶依赖途径和NADPH氧化酶非依赖途径形成。NADPH氧化酶依赖的途径是NETs形成的主要方式,依赖于NADPH氧化酶产生的活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)[17]。当刺激因素激活中性粒细胞表面受体后,活化信号激活的NADPH氧化酶将电子从NADPH转移到分子氧,产生超氧阴离子,进而转化为过氧化氢和羟基自由基等其他ROS。这些ROS激活的NE和MPO等蛋白酶切割组蛋白,使染色质去凝集并与抗菌蛋白结合,最终形成NETs。在某些特殊情况下,NETs可以通过NADPH氧化酶非依赖途径形成,其机制可能涉及线粒体ROS、颗粒酶、炎症小体、自噬相关NETosis等[18]。NETs的清除主要依赖于细胞外的核酸酶和蛋白酶,如脱氧核糖核酸酶 I(deoxyribonuclease I,DNase I)、弹性蛋白酶、组织蛋白酶G等[19]。NETs的形成与清除过程受到严格调控,以维持宿主防御与组织损伤之间的平衡。然而,在某些病理状态下,NETs形成过多或清除不足导致其在组织中过度积累,可能对机体造成损害[20]。NETs中的DNA和蛋白成分可能成为自身抗原,诱发自身免疫反应。同时,NETs释放的蛋白水解酶和ROS可以直接损伤组织,促进炎症和纤维化。

2 NETs与CTD-ILD

研究发现CTD-ILD患者中NETs相关标志物异常表达,并与疾病严重程度和活动性相关,提示CTD-ILD患者体内存在NETs的过度生成和释放[6-7,21]。实验性自身免疫性肌炎小鼠的肺组织内NETs浸润增加,而使用肽酰基精氨酸脱亚氨酶4(peptidyl arginine deiminase 4,PAD4)抑制剂Cl-脒干预后,肺组织NETs浸润和ILD严重程度显著减轻,表明NETs的过度生成可能参与CTD-ILD的发生及发展过程[10,13]。NETs作为一种重要的免疫调节因子,能通过多细胞网络驱动CTD-ILD的炎症和纤维化。NETs中的组蛋白和其他蛋白质成分能招募炎症细胞趋化至肺部激活并放大炎症反应,还能与自身抗原结合激活自身免疫反应,加重组织损伤[16]。NETs不仅可以损伤肺泡上皮细胞介导其通透性增加,导致大量炎症细胞和纤维化因子的渗出,还可以促进成纤维细胞的增殖并抑制其凋亡,同时增加ECM的合成和沉积[22]。此外,NETs损伤血管内皮细胞导致炎症细胞和纤维化因子的渗出,并促进血栓形成导致肺部微血管阻塞,从而加重肺部炎症和纤维化[23]

3 NETs在CTD-ILD不同细胞类型中的致病机制

CTD-ILD的发病机制涉及多种细胞的异常激活和相互作用,包括成纤维细胞、肺泡上皮细胞、内皮细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞等[4]。免疫细胞通过调节炎症和免疫反应介导肺组织的损伤,肺结构细胞在炎症刺激下发生损伤和功能改变,进而启动和促进肺纤维化(图1)。

3.1 NETs与肺成纤维细胞/肌成纤维细胞

ILD最终会导致肺纤维化,其核心病理特征是肺成纤维细胞(lung fibroblasts,LFs)的异常聚集、增殖及活化,以及ECM的过度沉积[24]。激活的LFs可以分化为肌成纤维细胞(myofibroblasts,MFs)。MFs表现出更强的增殖、迁移和收缩能力,从而促进组织修复和纤维化[25]。研究表明,NETs通过Toll样受体9-微小RNA-7-Smad2信号轴信号通路促进LFs激活并向MFs分化,加速IIM-ILD的进展和肺纤维化[8]。LFs表面的模式识别受体通过识别NETs中的DNA和组蛋白激活核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号通路,促进LFs增殖及促纤维化因子的分泌[26]。NETs产生的ROS可以激活LFs的氧化应激通路,促进LFs向MFs转化,并降解ECM为LFs提供增殖和迁移的空间,加剧肺纤维化[27]。这些纤维化效应在使用DNase I、肝素或髓过氧化物酶抑制剂后显著降低,表明NETs组分在LFs分化和功能中起关键作用[28]。此外,NETs通过激活免疫细胞释放促炎因子,刺激LFs分泌胶原蛋白加剧肺纤维[29]。活化的LFs在炎症状态下分泌趋化因子(CXC 基序)配体 1和8等趋化因子,招募中性粒细胞到肺部炎症区域促进NETs形成,进一步加剧炎症反应,形成“NETs-LFs-炎症”的恶性循环[30]。在正常情况下,体内存在的DNase等酶类可以降解NETs,但LFs可能会通过分泌一些抑制DNase活性的物质或者改变局部微环境的酸碱度等导致NETs不能及时被清除,导致肺部炎症和纤维化持续进展[31]

3.2 NETs与肺泡上皮细胞

在CTD-ILD中,NETs介导的肺泡上皮细胞稳态失衡是导致肺损伤、炎症和纤维化进程的核心环节。NETs中的组蛋白和MPO具有细胞毒性,能够破坏肺泡上皮细胞功能和屏障完整性,直接诱导细胞死亡[32]。研究发现NETs还可以通过cGAS-STING通路触发肺泡上皮细胞的坏死性凋亡[33]。此外,NETs通过激活甲基转移酶样蛋白3介导的N6-甲基腺苷修饰,诱导肺泡上皮细胞发生铁死亡[34]。损伤的肺泡上皮细胞分泌转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)、血小板衍生生长因子和结缔组织生长因子,激活邻近LFs增殖及向MFs分化[35]。同时,NETs刺激肺泡上皮细胞释放白介素6(interleukin 6,IL-6)、IL-8和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等炎症介质,促进中性粒细胞形成和释放NETs,并招募更多的免疫细胞浸润肺组织,形成复杂的炎症-纤维化网络推动CTD-ILD的进展[36]。在CTD-ILD的发展中,肺泡上皮细胞可能发生上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT),即丧失上皮特征并获得间质特性,这一病理过程会破坏肺泡结构并促进纤维化。研究表明,在IIM-ILD中,NETs通过激活Toll样受体9和cGAS-STING信号通路诱导EMT及加速ECM合成和沉积,并上调促炎和促纤维化相关基因,加速肺纤维化进程[12,37]

3.3 NETs与内皮细胞

在CTD-ILD中,NETs介导的肺微血管内皮细胞损伤及功能障碍是推动血管损伤、血栓形成和纤维化微环境建立的重要机制。NETs释放的组蛋白和高迁移率族蛋白B1等损伤相关分子模式,通过结合内皮细胞的Toll样受体激活NF-κB和激活蛋白-1信号通路,促进炎症介质释放、组织因子表达及血小板聚集,从而加剧内皮损伤[23,38-39]。NETs中的基质金属蛋白酶9和基质金属蛋白25可增加内皮细胞中基质金属蛋白酶2的表达和释放,损害内皮细胞完整性和功能[40]。此外,NE和MPO分别通过降解ECM破坏内皮细胞的黏附结构和促进ROS的产生损伤内皮细胞,导致血管渗漏和炎症细胞浸润[41-42]。NETs还可以激活补体系统形成膜攻击复合物,增强内皮细胞中组织因子的表达,破坏内皮细胞的完整性[43]。在IIM-ILD中,NETs通过激活NLRP3炎性小体促进肺微血管内皮细胞发生焦亡[11]。补体系统的激活以及内皮细胞损伤释放的炎症介质可以增强中性粒细胞和单核细胞的激活与招募,进一步加剧炎症反应和内皮损伤[44]。内皮-间充质转化(endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition,EndMT)通过诱导内皮细胞发生表型和功能的重塑,促进ECM的异常沉积与重塑,进而推动肺纤维化的形成与发展。研究表明,NETs通过TGF-β/Smad信号通路诱导内皮细胞发生EndMT,促进CTD-ILD进展[45]

3.4 NETs与巨噬细胞

在CTD-ILD中,NETs介导的巨噬细胞的表型失衡可能是驱动肺部炎症和纤维化的关键因素。在肺部微环境中,巨噬细胞可极化为促炎的M1型和抗炎的M2型。M1型主要在损伤早期介导炎症反应,之后转化为M2型介导抗炎反应和促进修复[46]。然而,若M1型引发的炎症未得到控制,可能会加剧肺组织损伤,导致成纤维细胞异常增殖和ECM过度沉积[47]。M2型巨噬细胞通过分泌促纤维化因子(如TGF-β1、IL-4、IL-13和血小板源性生长因子)刺激LFs增殖和MFs活化,参与组织修复和诱导肺纤维化[48]。NETs中的组蛋白、蛋白酶及DNA可激活巨噬细胞的TLRs,促进巨噬细胞M1型极化,释放促炎细胞因子和趋化因子,进而招募更多的单核/巨噬细胞浸润到肺部,加剧肺组织炎症[49]。近期研究表明,NETs还能诱导巨噬细胞释放巨噬细胞胞外诱捕网,共同介导肺部慢性炎症微环境形成[50]。巨噬细胞-肌成纤维细胞转化在肺纤维化中起关键作用,研究发现TGF-β/Smad3信号转导可以驱动巨噬细胞转变为产生胶原蛋白的MFs[51]。正常情况下,巨噬细胞能通过吞噬作用或分泌DNase降解NETs,但长时间暴露于NETs会导致巨噬细胞线粒体膜受损,触发巨噬细胞凋亡[52]。巨噬细胞吞噬活性降低或溶酶体功能异常可能导致对NETs的清除能力下降并在肺部积累,促进纤维化进程[46]

3.5 NETs与其他细胞

NETs通过激活树突状细胞表面的TLRs,诱导树突状细胞的成熟和活化[53]。成熟的树突状细胞摄取并呈递NETs中的自身抗原,激活自身反应性T细胞,从而启动和调节免疫反应。此外,NETs中的组蛋白和其他成分可作为损伤相关模式分子直接激活肺部的T细胞,促进其增殖和分化[4]。在CTD-ILD患者肺组织和肺泡灌洗液中,观察到以CD8+T细胞为主的T细胞浸润[54]。T细胞通过分泌TNF-α和干扰素-γ等促炎因子,并促进成纤维细胞增殖和胶原蛋白沉积,驱动肺部炎症和纤维化。NETs可能作为自身抗原促进B细胞分化为浆细胞,诱导自身抗体的产生,形成免疫复合物沉积于肺组织并激活补体系统,导致自身免疫反应的放大[16]

4 NETs与CTD-ILD治疗

基于NETs在CTD-ILD的致病机制中扮演着关键角色,通过抑制NETs形成或促进NETs降解可能是潜在的治疗策略。PAD4是NETs形成的关键酶,抑制PAD4的活性可阻断NETs的形成。例如,Cl-脒显著减轻实验性自身免疫性肌炎模型小鼠ILD和NETs浸润程度[13]。在IIM-ILD小鼠模型中,使用MPO抑制剂、H3抑制剂或DNase I处理后,降低了α-平滑肌肌动蛋白和结缔组织生长因子的蛋白水平,并抑制胶原蛋白的形成和LFs的增殖[8]。另外研究发现,秋水仙碱和吡非尼酮通过抑制NETs形成来抑制IIM-ILD小鼠的肺部炎症和纤维化[13]。一项小样本临床研究表明,尼达尼布可以抑制类风湿关节炎相关间质性肺病患者体内NETs的形成释放[55]。尽管靶向NETs的治疗策略前景广阔,但仍面临诸多挑战。首先,NETs在CTD-ILD中具体作用机制尚未完全阐明,尤其是NETs与其他免疫细胞、细胞因子以及信号通路之间的复杂交互作用有待深入研究。其次,不同CTD-ILD亚型可能需要个体化的NETs靶向治疗策略。目前,大多数NETs靶向疗法处于实验阶段,缺乏充分的临床实验数据验证其安全性和有效性。此外,过度抑制NETs可能增加感染风险,需谨慎权衡其生理性保护与病理性损伤的平衡。

5 展望

目前,NETs在不同类型CTD-ILD中的致病机制呈现显著异质性,NETs的功能可能受疾病特异性自身抗体、遗传背景及微环境(如缺氧、代谢重编程)的调控,需进一步结合疾病特异性病理特征并解析其动态演变规律和分子分型。总之,NETs在CTD-ILD发病机制中的作用是一个新兴的研究领域。未来研究的重要方向包括4个方面:(1)通过单细胞测序、空间转录组学等技术,对比不同CTD-ILD中NETs的组分差异,如特定蛋白酶、核酸修饰酶的表达等,以明确其致病标志物;(2)开发针对NETs关键组分(如PAD4、组织因子)的小分子抑制剂或中和抗体,同时探索基于DNase I的局部清除疗法,以减少对正常免疫防御的干扰;(3)深入研究NETs与成纤维细胞表型转化、血管内皮损伤及免疫细胞互作的分子网络,揭示其在肺纤维化进展中的核心地位;(4)推动靶向NETs的疗法与现有抗纤维化药物或免疫抑制剂的序贯或联合策略,探索个体化治疗窗口,并建立基于NETs生物标志物的疗效预测模型。随着对NETs生物学特性的深入理解以及对靶向NETs治疗策略的不断探索,有望为CTD-ILD患者提供更有效、更安全的治疗选择。

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